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B2 · German3 min read

Futur II

werden + perfect infinitive for completed future actions and confident past assumptions

what is it?

Futur II is a compound tense formed with a conjugated form of werden and a perfect infinitive (past participle + haben or sein). It has two distinct uses: expressing an action that will be completed by a specific point in the future, and — far more commonly in everyday German — making a confident assumption about a past event. In the second use it is the past-tense counterpart of the Futur I of assumption (e.g. Er wird müde sein → Er wird müde gewesen sein).

when to use it

  • Completed future action. Use Futur II when an action will be finished before a stated future deadline. A time expression such as bis Montag, bis dann, or bis nächste Woche typically signals this use.

  • Confident assumption about the past. Use Futur II to express a well-founded inference that something has already happened. Context clues — an unexplained absence, a visible result, reported information — trigger this reading. English equivalents include «must have», «will have», or «probably has».

  • Register note. The completed-future use is more common in formal or written German. In speech, Germans often replace it with the Perfekt + a time phrase. The assumption use, however, is frequent across all registers.

formation

The structure is: conjugated werden + past participle + haben / sein. The auxiliary (haben or sein) is the same one the verb uses in the Perfekt. In a main clause, werden occupies position 2; the past participle and the infinitive of haben/sein go to the end of the clause in that order.

personwerden (present)perfect infinitive (example: schreiben)full Futur II form
ichwerdegeschrieben habenich werde geschrieben haben
duwirstgeschrieben habendu wirst geschrieben haben
er / sie / eswirdgeschrieben habener wird geschrieben haben
wirwerdengeschrieben habenwir werden geschrieben haben
ihrwerdetgeschrieben habenihr werdet geschrieben haben
sie / Siewerdengeschrieben habensie werden geschrieben haben

For verbs that form the Perfekt with sein (motion/change-of-state verbs such as ankommen, fahren, gehen), the perfect infinitive uses sein instead: angekommen sein, gefahren sein, gegangen sein.

examples in context

Bis Montag werde ich den Bericht geschrieben haben.
By Monday I will have written the report.
Completed-future use: the deadline bis Montag signals that the action must be finished before a future point.
Sie wird den Zug verpasst haben — deshalb ist sie nicht da.
She must have missed the train — that's why she isn't here.
Assumption about the past: the speaker infers a past event from present evidence (her absence).
Er wird die Prüfung bestanden haben — er sieht so erleichtert aus.
He must have passed the exam — he looks so relieved.
Another assumption reading: a visible result in the present leads to a confident conclusion about a past event.
Bis Ende des Jahres werden sie das Projekt abgeschlossen haben.
By the end of the year they will have completed the project.
Completed-future use in the third person plural; abschließen takes haben in the Perfekt.

common pitfalls

  • Using the bare infinitive instead of the past participle. The perfect infinitive requires the past participle, not the base infinitive. «*schreiben haben» is wrong; the correct form is geschrieben haben. Apply the same Perfekt participle rules you already know.

  • Wrong auxiliary: haben vs. sein. The choice of haben or sein in Futur II mirrors the Perfekt. ankommen uses sein in the Perfekt (ist angekommen), so Futur II is wird angekommen sein, not «*wird angekommen haben».

  • Missing the assumption reading. When Futur II appears without a future deadline, it almost always expresses a confident inference about the past — not a literal future event. Translating Sie wird den Zug verpasst haben as «She will have missed the train» (as a scheduled future fact) misses the point. The intended meaning is «She must have missed the train» — a conclusion drawn from present evidence.

Quick check

Three sentences, graded here. Nothing is saved and no account is needed.

1 / 3

Der Kuchen schmeckt nicht süß genug — Lena ___ wohl zu wenig Zucker hinzugefügt haben. (hinzufügen)

Fill in the blank with the correct Futur II form of the verb in parentheses.

Builds on
Futur II in German (B2) · drill